Phoenicians in the New World: Footnotes and Bibliography

Footnotes

(1) 1 Kings 10:22, the word translated as "merchant ships" in the King James Version literally means "ships of Tarshish." As Tarshish was the leading city in Celtic Spain at that time, it could be a reference to the deep-hulled Celtic vessels capable of making long voyages that Julius Caesar described in his Gallic Wars.

(2) Ibid

(3) Decker, "Able Seamen." The Pharaoh Necho of Egypt commissioned a fleet from Tyre, Sidon and Byblos to sail from the Red Sea to Egyptian ports on the Mediterranean, circumnavigating the African continent, about 700 BC. The feat took three years to complete without a knowledge of the waters off the African coast, making a similar trip later on with a side visit to Brazil feasible in that period of time. (This link is broken, but the story of Pharaoh Necho's fleet circumnavigating Africa is also mentioned here.)

(4) 1 Kings 10:11-12

(5) Ibid, the decline of the importation of almug wood after Solomon's time suggests a decline in Israelite trade with Ophir.

(6) Isaiah 13:12

(7) Jacobs, "Toke Like An Egyptian." Studies have also been done on mummies recently excavated from an archaeological dig near Cairo that confirmed the results seen in Munich.

(8) Ibid, the tests on nicotine levels came back conflicting, with one researcher able to find high levels in bone and hair and one unable to find them in bone. Levels of nicotine also weren't on par between the bones and hair, which for mummies of that age should have been 20-25 parts of nicotine in the bones per every part of nicotine found in the hair.

(9) Ibid

(10) Ibid

(11) Ibid

(12) The Egyptian State Information Service, "Luxor's Mummification Museum, First in the World."

(13) ThinkQuest.org, "Mummification."

(14) Jacobs, "Toke Like An Egyptian."

(15) McCaffrey, a previous view of the pictures on the coins included a Phoenician script as-yet undeciphered, but that theory was largely discounted in the 1960s.

(16) Belyaev, "Chinese Coins In The California Desert"

(17) Epstein, p. 5.

(18) Epstein, p. 19.

(19) Decker, "Punic Calling Cards."

(20) Myers, "Phoenicians in the New World: The Parahyba Stone."

(21) Diodorus, Book V chapters 19-20 (in Volume 3 of the Loeb series).

(22) Geneves, p. 266

(23) Sammer, the dates for Carthage's founding are speculative and range anywhere from 1300 B.C. to 700 B.C., depending on the date of Carthaginian founder Dido's flight from the court of Tyre. The historians Appian and Philostos date the founding of Carthage to "fifty years before the capture of Troy", postulated to be circa 1350 B.C. With an older date, it is quite possible that Carthaginian sailors would have discovered the Americas and retained a close enough relationship with Tyre that Tyrian sailors could have likewise exploited this knowledge in the service of King Solomon of Israel.

(24) Decker, "The New Town."

(25) Baird, "Punic History."

(26) Huston, "The Bat Creek Inscription: Did Judean Refugees Escape to Tennessee?"

(27) Diodorus, Book V chapter 20 (in Volume 3 of the Loeb series), if Carthage had preserved the New World from colonization for the possibility of settlement after a possible defeat of their homeland, it's remotely feasible that the Judean kingdom would have done the same and remnants of the Judean court (who would have had sufficient funds to pay the Carthaginians) would have been able to flee to America. If this was the case, it would have been a very tiny migration indeed, and this particular migration would have been certainly nothing significant enough to manifest itself in the modern world.

(28) Shanks, "An Interview With Cyrus Gordon."

Bibliography

Roy Decker, Carthaginians in the New World?
http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/carthage-new-world.htm

Peter Myers, Phoenicians in the New World: The Parahyba Stone
http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing...002/06/0026.php

Frank M. Cross, "Phoenicians in Brazil?" Biblical Archaeology Review, January/February 1979

Hershel M. Shanks, "An Interview With Cyrus Gordon", Biblical Archaeology Review, November/December 2000

William Jacobs, "Toke Like An Egyptian", Fortean Times, December 1998

The Egyptian State Information Service, Luxor's Mummification Museum, First in the World
http://www.sis.gov.eg/online/html2/o130320d.htm

ThinkQuest.org, Mummification
http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0210200/an...mmification.htm

Kevin McCaffrey, Who Discovered the Americas?
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/vista/9606/4.html

Diodorus of Sicily, tr. C.H. Oldfather, Harvard University Press (Loeb), Cambridge, MA 1968. Written circa 56 B.C.

Santiago Genoves, "Papyrus Rafts Across the Atlantic", Current Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 3. (Jun., 1973), pp. 266-267.

Jan Sammer, The Date of Carthage's Founding
http://www.varchive.org/nldag/carthage.htm

Rodney E. Baird, Cadiz
http://www.ancientroute.com/cities/Cadiz.htm

McCulloch, J. Huston, "The Bat Creek Inscription: Did Judean Refugees Escape to Tennessee?" Biblical Archaeology Review, July/August 1993

McCulloch, J Huston, The Newark 'Holy Stones'
http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/arch/decalog.html

Jeremiah F. Epstein, "Pre-Columbian Old World Coins In America: An Examination Of Evidence," Current Anthropology, Vol. 21 No. 1 (1980), pp. 1-20.

Vladimir Belyaev, Chinese Coins In The California Desert
http://www.charm.ru/library/desert.htm